Macroeconomics. The oils price Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Macroeconomics. The oils price - Essay Example However, how the various economic indicators behave during this short period of 'supply shock' and how they forecast performance or health of the economy in the coming period is the moot question. Inflation may be defined as "state of economy, where there is a general and abnormal rise in price of all goods and services". Recession is a state of economy where there is a "slump in Gross Domestic Product in two or three successive quarters of a year with general price rise or fall". In the short run, when a price of a product which is consumed every sector of the economy which contribute to GDP have suddenly risen, other things remain the same, lead to rising prices all commodities and services, fall in real value of money and slow down of economic growth. This phenomenon is attributed to 'supply shock'. Built-in inflation - induced by adaptive expectations, often linked to the "price/wage spiral" because it involves workers trying to keep their wages up with prices and then employers passing higher costs on to consumers as higher prices as part of a "vicious circle". Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as hangover inflation. It is also known as "inertial" inflation, "inflationary momentum", and even "structural inflation. Cost Push inflation or Supply... Built-in inflation - induced by adaptive expectations, often linked to the "price/wage spiral" because it involves workers trying to keep their wages up with prices and then employers passing higher costs on to consumers as higher prices as part of a "vicious circle". Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as hangover inflation. It is also known as "inertial" inflation, "inflationary momentum", and even "structural inflation. SUPPLY SHOCK INFLATION OR COST PUSH INFLATION: Cost Push inflation or Supply Shock inflation is caused by the rise in price of an important commodity for which there was no alternative, and consequent of which there was a general rise in price of all commodities and services. While the examples for cost push inflation are many viz., failure of monsoon/draught in an agrobased economy which would shoot up inflation etc.,. the best example in the modern industrialised countries, is rise in prices of petroleum prodoucts. Dependence to petroleum products in any economy need not be emphasised and it may not be forgotten that the crisis faced by the world in the year 1970 is attributed to the rise in oil prices all over the world. Since, petroluem is important for moving the economy in all industrial including agricultural dependent countries, any upward movement in the price will cause a cascading movement in the price of all commodities and services and it will have persistant effect. However, there are different school of thought which opine, that the reduction in oil price after 1970 have not contributed in reduction in general price level, hence, rise in oil prices have not directly caused inflation in 1970. However, Keynesian economists argue that many prices are 'sticky

Terrorism preparedness and Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Terrorism preparedness and Response - Essay Example Based on the given situation, the incident could be a bomb attack. According to FEMA, or the Federal Emergency Management Agency (2008) common targets of terrorists are public places where security is not tight or chances like bombs can slip in.Since it is an emergency, one can call, or must call those responsible for relief. One good action was the security guard calling for help from the 9-1-1. Somehow, they can help since several are wounded, and cases of death are possible. Three options when at situations like this is to seek for medical aid, next would be informing authorities about severe need to for response on the crowd, that is the crowd control groups like the police; lastly, there must be the need to call the attention of several anti-terrorism groups or those authorities of the government like the NBI for the case could not just be a simple explosion of a train, but a bombing related to terrorism.The agencies related to the government are interconnected, that means, in o ne way or another, several responses can come in a simple alert. Although a person does not have any idea about the landline numbers or contact numbers, there would always be ways. One of these is through calling the emergency numbers like the 9-1-1. Details about what happened are necessary for the agency on how they were supposed to respond with the situation. If you include with the details that it seemed to be like a terrorist bombing (and even if its not), they would give a signal alert for those related with the network. Through this information would flow to the NRF (National Response Framework) which was once the National Response Plan or the NRP. This framework is consisted of several working groups that does the same responses the moment they were informed, included are the emergency support annexes which are: Transportation, Communications, Public Works and Engineering, Firefighting, Emergency Management, Mass Care, Emergency Assistance, Housing, and Human Services, Logis tics Management and Resource Support, Public Health and Medical Services, Search and Rescue, Oil and Hazardous Materials Response, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Energy, Public Safety and Security, Long-Term Community Recovery, External Affairs Since it is common to have disorganized crowd during a bomb attack, one way of securing those who are in panic is to help. Giving comforts to those traumatized, helping those who were injured, and leading the crowd out of the incident area are just quick ways to secure those who are fine but panic-stricken. In such way, avoiding chaos is necessary.

Changes in the structure of the British family

Changes in the structure of the British family How has the structure of the family changed in Britain over the last hundred years? Indicate the implications of the changes for the education system. I am going to start by defining what a family is from a social science dictionary. A group of individuals related to one another by blood ties, marriage and adoption. (www.socialsciencedictionary.com/family). In the nineteenth century the family structure was shaped by the industrial revolution. It spread throughout Britain, and there was a massive increase in the number of factories. As the number of factories grew, people moved from the countryside into towns looking for better paid work. The towns were not ready for this great increase of people and housing was very overcrowded. Rooms were rented to whole families. Family size at this time was between six to twelve children and they all slept and fed in a single room. Muncie, et al (1993) cited that Smith (1986:pg 18) showed that in 1860 the average marriage produced seven children. Also part of the family living in one room were the grandparents, this is known as an extended family. They lived and were looked after by the family because they were a valuable resource, as a childminder. Kin were an important source of aid in critical life situations for example, aging parents, who lived with and were supported by their married children, provided a child-minding service which allowed the mother to work. (Elliot 1986:p46). At the beginning of the nineteenth century schools were not very common and none were provided by the state. Children, in the working-class, were seen as benefits to the family as they were sent to work in the factories to help bring in money for the family. There was no compulsory education but Burnett (1982 ) explains that expansion of the Sunday school movement was of a great importance. It brought education opportunities to those who worked 6 days a week. Burnett (1982) also explains that sometimes even the very poor children could not attend Sunday school as they did not have suitable clothes or shoes, and the rich attended much better Sunday schools. Even before state education was around the class divide was great, the rich had better education and the poor couldnt even attend due to being so poor. England was introduced to universal, free education by these Sunday schools and this developed the system of day-schooling. As the types of work became more diverse, the machinery in the factories became more technical and needed skilled workers to operate them. This meant there was a need for more educated workers and the state accepted that it needed to provide education for the working class. David (1980:pg33) acknowledges this The arguments for the state to provide education for the working classes only won acceptance as the economy became more diversified, the need for skilled and trained labour became more critical. Another reason why education was needed for the working class was the change in womens employment. Children had no care and needed somewhere to go while their parents were at work. From 1893 all working-class children had to attend school for at least six years, from five years old to the age of eleven. After this children were allowed to be exempt from school as long as they had proof they were going into employment. Sunderland (1971) explained that this lead to most children being exem pt from school at the age of eleven as the family needed them to work to provide an income. Only 14% of the children on the registers of inspected schools were aged twelve and over Sunderland (1971:pg44) The First World War brought new opportunities for women. The men were sent to war and the women were able to fill many different roles in the workforce. This was quickly withdrawn after the war and women were expected to withdraw from working and return to full-time care of the house and children. Unfortunately due to recession money had been withdrawn from providing school meals and nursery care for their children had been forced to close and this made it harder for women to be able to work. Parents were once more forced to rely on their own resources for the care of their children David (1980:pg58). Women campaigned for more equal rights and in 1918 women over the age of thirty were able to vote and in 1928 the age was lowered to twenty-one. This gave females more rights and freedom in their choices. Unfortunately there was a great depression and unemployment was high so women were unable to work and therefore stayed at home to look after the family. After World War Two, education in Britain changed, due to the 1944 Education Act. This act made secondary education compulsory and until the age of fifteen. At this time there was a recognition that Britains economy needed to be rebuilt and Britain called for immigrant workers. It attracted for the first time large numbers of workers and families from the Caribbean, Indian and Pakistan www.nationalarchives.gov.uk (accessed 14/03/11). This meant that Britains non-white population rapidly increased. This influx was not very well received by the British people and the government repeatedly discussed how to try and restrict the immigration from these countries. In schools racism and divide in social class was very high and unless you were white, middle class and non-handicapped; your time at school was seen as a time of prejudice, frustration and lost opportunity. Factors that contributed to this exclusion were the different language and culture the families brought with them. This contr ibuted to them being unable to mix with the British society it was greatly due to people being uneducated in other cultures and religions. Sidney Webb (1894) wrote that we need to generate a body of systematic political thought as a prime task of those who hoped to teach others how practically to transform England into a Social Democratic Commonwealth. In 1976 the Race Relations Act was introduced and it became lawful to discriminate against anyone on grounds of race, colour and nationality (including citizenship) (Hope 2011). This has lead to a change in education which has only recently come into schools; Citizenship classes. An unawareness of these cultures and languages and the differences between the pupils led to citizenship classes being introduced to the curriculum in September 2002. The national framework introduces citizenship as a subject to develop sound principles of freedom, equality, justice and peace. It allows the students to engage with each other and their community. However not everyone agreed to the significance of citizenship classes and parents wanted to know why Muslims and Jehovah witnesses were allowed to take their children out of the school prayers and they werent allowed, as non-believers, to remove their children from the citizenship classes. On 20th January 2011, there was a major review of the national curriculum by the education secretary Michael Gove and he wanted to demote citizenship to an optional subject (Shepherd 2011). Teachers argued that this would work against aims of the big society and Chris Waller (Head of the Association of Citizenship Teaching) said it would s et England back 15 years to when it was the least politically literate country in the developed world. In schools, the difference between the pupils in their abilities is seen as being due to their socioeconomic status and linguistic diversity. Bernstein (1971) suggested that there is a difference between working-class and middle class children due to the working class children being linguistically deprived. Because of the childs different tone, accents and languages spoken, this is seen as not Standard English therefore they are misunderstood in schools. Whereas Labov (1977) suggested that there is a difference not a deficit therefore we should be more accepting and willing to understand these differences. The citizenship classes should help to close this divide and allow not only pupils but teachers to have a greater understanding and allowing them to be educated in the same way as middle class students. Staying with the present time Im going to look at the family in modern societ y. There has been a disappearance of the traditional nuclear family and now there are many different types of the family. These include gay and lesbian relationships, adoption and fostering, separation and divorce, re-marriage and single-parents. Many factors have changed in order to create these different types. Age at motherhood and first motherhood has risen, family size has fallen and childlessness has increased. Cohabitation has become common, both before marriage and between marriage; rising divorce rates and a near-trebling in the number of lone-parent families. (Mcrae S, 1999:pg5) An increase of divorce since the Divorce Law Reform Act 1969 and an increase of births outside of marriage have led to an increase in single-parent families. Usually the single parent in the single-parent families is the mother living on her own with her children; she does the greater share of caring for her children both financially and emotionally. Being able to provide for your family as a lone-parent has become easier with the help of state benefits and social or subsidized housing: but in many cases the mother is usually forced to work in a manual job or be unemployed. There is a concern if children are at an educational disadvantage in these homes. Spencer (2004) of the school of health and social studies reports that lone parenthood is associated with educational problems and that these families are significantly disadvantaged compared with couple families. In the lone-parent homes it is suggested that there is a material disadvantage and a low maternal education. Maternal edu cation is the inequality in a childs home which does not allow a child to learn things from their mother that will help them develop in life such as what is right and wrong and experiencing affection. This can be due to many factors such as the mother having to work to provide for the family and cannot spend much time at home with her children. It has been reported by Carneiro, Meghir Parey (2007) that educated mothers tend to delay in starting a family and when they do they are more likely to be married and have a very good income. The report also shows that the educated mothers are more likely to invest in their children through books and extra tuition; also providing an availability of a computer. In these families it is reported by Caneiro, Meghir Parey (2007) that the maternal education persists into adolescence which reduces the number of children born to young adults and the number of criminal convictions. On the other hand reports have proven that childrens education is not affected if they come from a lone-parent family. It just depends on what happens in the home; whether the time and interest is taken in the childs education. If a single parent sets up good morals and standards and lives by example then the children will automatically grow up according to the values set before them. Desai, Chase-Landslade Mich ael (1989) have researched into lone-parent mothers and believe their attitudes and ambitions can be changed and instead of accepting that their children will live to be un-educated and therefore not work; they have suggested ways to improve this; such as putting a limit on the number of years the mothers are in receipt of benefit and help them get back to work or even back into higher education to study for a profession. Classes at local community centres have also been introduced to educate mothers in health, education and general well-being to allow the mothers to increase their maternal education. To conclude the family has taken many different forms over the last 100 years starting with the large families in the industrial revolution where there was not any education and children worked to earn money to support the family. The industrial revolution created a new form of education as factories had more skilled machines and needed experienced workers. Education for working class became universal and allowed every child to be educated and this created an opportunity for women to become more independent and able to work. The post war immigration brought a change to families in the sense of race, culture and language; this created a need for schools to educate children in citizenship. There was a need to understand each others cultures and to create a more multicultural society. This brought up disputes between cultures and religions but generally it was seen as a need to make citizenship classes compulsory. This allows not only the children to be educated in the differences in cu ltures and society but the teachers to understand their pupils too; and to make changes to be able to educate their pupils. Another change to the family structure was the changes in the different types of family in todays modern society. The main one I focused on was lone-parent families. This has seen to affect education in the sense of these children from the lone-parent families tending to be uneducated maternally in morals and standards. This lead to show they tend to under achieve at school; but there is research and reports in trying to improve ways of educating the parents to help their children in their future and to be able to have a good career.

I Will Use My God Given Talents in the Practice of Law Essay -- Law Co

I Will Use My God Given Talents in the Practice of law Given an understanding of the scarcity and importance of time and the fleeting nature of existence, time commitment decisions are among the most important choices that an individual has to make. I believe that time is a gift from God and it is up to individuals to make wise decisions regarding how they will invest the time that God has granted them. My perception of time dictates, to a degree, how I chose to use it. I believe that time is linear - there is a beginning and an end - God, the creator of time. For this reason, I strive to use my time wisely. One day I will be unable to live like I do now, so I believe that it is important to make the most of what time I have. However, I also perceive time to be a progression of cycles that God has set in motion. I need constant reminders of both my insignificance and my potential for changing the course of time. I believe that my existence is a small part in a much larger scheme that I'll never comprehend. The fact that I wake up in the morning is mind-boggling when I consider that I am no more deserving of life than the Southeast Asian child that dies of hunger or the elderly woman that dies alone in a cold, cavernous rest home. Time continues to perpetuate itself, but I have yet to be included in the endless cycle of deaths that paves the way for new births. My life is a precious gift from God; in many ways, I have no control over my future - a truth that I have accepted and use as a motivation to manage what time I have wisely. Furthermore, despite a fundamental lack of control of the inevitable, I believe that my time commitments do result in meaningful action. Though time may cycle, my actions and their cons... ...riendship showed me the true value of one-hour a week well spent. My part-time work in the UNC Computer Science Department has given me unparalleled first-hand training in the information technology field. I plan to go to law school in order to become and IT lawyer upon graduation' my work with computers has given me relevant exposure that will benefit me when I begin to practice law. Like the choices I made in high school and so far in college, my decision to pursue law school is rooted time. I am prepared to devote four years of my life to more studying and exams so t hat I may become an attorney. Law school will unquestionably be a commitment that affects my fast-approaching future; as a lawyer, I'll make numerous more decisions concerning time in an effort to uphold justice, preserve the American ideal, and hopefully make someone's life a little better.

Incarceration Essay

There has been a lot of discussion regarding the prison population in the United States but little efforts have been engaged in regard to the transformations observed in the composition of the jail population. The law enforcement agents are under obligation by the federal, state, and local authorities to arrest and confine individuals who are criminal suspects. It is the duty of our judicial system to imprison individuals who are crime convicts. The confinement that is imposed on individuals whether prior to or after conviction is what is referred to as incarceration. Any person irrespective of race, color, sex, and age is subject to incarceration at least in theory according to the constitution. Studies have however continued to show increasing imbalance in our penal institutions as more African Americans and Hispanics continue to account to a slightly larger percentage in comparison to the whites. This paper shall present an analysis of the structural inequality as observed in the judicial system within the United States. Structural Inequality: Structural inequality is something that is affecting virtually all societies around the world. This phenomenon however does not stem from the variations amongst individuals as generally thought, but it can be attributed to the meanings and values that individuals hold in regard to these variations. These values and meanings become systemized and thus the foundation of inequality in our society. The society becomes stratified based on differences between the individuals. This leads to a hierarchical society where prejudicial values and attitudes are developed which affects the views held by the different categories of individuals (Bartels-Ellis, 2010). The US is among the world’s most leading jailers with a rating of 750 imprisonments in every 100,000 individuals (Williams, 2009). The prison population is however disproportional with African Americans and the Hispanics and other minority groups accounting for a larger percentage compared to the majority whites. It is estimated that over 60% of the prison population is from the minority groups. The imbalance in the incarcerated population has been attributed to the war against drugs that has gained momentum in the recent past. This has had a toll on the minority groups though studies have continued to indicate that drug use is also a significant phenomenon amongst the whites. The judicial system has therefore been accused of racist discrimination when it comes to matters of fair and effective judgment (Williams, 2009). Racial Bias in the Judicial System: Racial inequalities have been observed when it comes to judicial matters in the United States. There are great variations in the incarceration of different racial groups that make up the population of the US (Martel, 2008). Studies have continued to reveal the unending trend of disparities in the criminal justice system as revealed by the United States Census Bureau in 2000. According to the Bureau, there is un-proportional representation in the incarceration within the US penal institutions which happens to favor the whites. As of the year 2000, out of close to 2 million adult prisoners, 63% were from the minority groups including the African Americans and Latinos. Such disparities are in contravention of the general population as it has been established that the minority groups account for only 25% of the general population (Human Rights Watch, 2002). Statistics: According to Families Against Mandatory Minimums (FAMM), in every twenty blacks aged over 18, one is likely to be in prison whereas for the whites, the imprisonment rate is put at one in every 180 individuals. The African Americans and the Hispanics comprise of about 2/3 of the prison population. As of the year 2001, African American males and Hispanic males had a higher chance of being imprisoned compared to the whites. The blacks had a 32. 2% chance; Hispanics 17. 2% chance; whereas the whites had a 6% chance. In the year 2003, African American prisoners accounted for a larger portion of those serving a term of more than one year at 44% of the prison population followed by the whites at 35% whereas the Hispanics accounted for the remaining 19% (Families Against Mandatory Minimums Foundation, 2010).

Culture and Education Essay

When dealing with issues that pertain to people’s beliefs and faith, one has to tread with caution. Although there is religious liberty, one has to be careful about religious issues when it comes to public places. For one, I believe that religion is a personal thing and restrain should be put on it when we come to a place where other people that are not of the same religious belief are. Not that we are not at liberty to display our faith but the truth is that as we have right so do other people have rights too and our own faith should not overshadow theirs. However, there are some instances where we might be in a dilemma of what to do. The case provided is a good example of this scenario. Without recourse to emotions or sentiments, I think the board made a right decision which has been long overdue. However, as expected, some people will rebuff this decision because of some rather emotional or sentimental reasons. Their argument will be will not be objective but their rebuttal of the board’s decision will be patterned after the following argument. The position of the parents who rebuffed the decision of the board will be grounded on the fact that the late principal deserves some respect because he has toiled in that school. These parents will consider the action made by the board as disrespectful to the late principal and thus will call for the reversal. Apart from this, they might argue that the portrait has been an integral part of the school tradition and that they consider the idea of just waking up one day and deciding to remove what has been a part of the school life and tradition rather absurd. â€Å"What do you want the poor boy that painted the portrait to feel? Imagine the number of hours the poor boy spent in painting that portrait. † Furthermore, these parents may argue that since no one is complaining about the portrait, the portrait is not affecting the board. â€Å"Is it disturbing you or is it hindering the discharge of your duties? † Question 2: A. Linda Mealey argued in her paper titled â€Å"Bulking up: the roles of sex and sexual orientation on attempts to manipulate physical attractiveness† that â€Å"Socialization processes can either reduce or enhance biological differences between individuals or groups† Sex role socialization and sexual orientation has led to stereotypes. The more people are aware of their sexual orientation, the more they come to be identified with the general preconceived ideas about the sex. For example, if a lady believes in a stereotype about women generally, she comes to see herself from the point of view of this stereotype and this will make her naturally identify with people that fall under the same sexual orientation. Although, stereotypes might sometimes lead to discrimination of a sex, the truth is that it allows people that fall under the same sex to identify with each others as it serves as a unifying platform. B. There are some school roles that reinforce sex role stereotypes for girls. An example of this is the fact that the position of cheerleaders in the school football teams. This reinforces sex role stereotypes for the girls because they are made to feel that they can not meet up with the challenges that men do. Another example is that in some schools, the positions of vice-presidents of organizations are reserved for ladies. This also reinforces sex role stereotypes that men are leaders and women should support them in whatever they do. Although these school roles might not be directly intended to reinforce sex role stereotypes, the truth is that they do. Reference: Mealey, L. â€Å"Bulking up: the roles of sex and sexual orientation on attempts to manipulate physical attractiveness† (1997) Retrieved on April 28, 2008 from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_n2_v34/ai_19551975

Optimisation of Aerospace Fabrics

Optimisation of Aerospace Fabrics Free Online Research Papers 1.Safety systems are necessary for all military aircraft which are designed to operate on the fringes of safety envelope and are inherently vulnerable to internal or externally induced failures. The safety systems while ensuring safety of the aircraft and/ or aircrew, do not directly contribute towards operational capability of the aircraft. Their addition into the aircraft thus imposes a weight penalty and it is a challenging task for the designer to minimize their weights. It is in the use of fabrics for safety systems that the Russian and western design approaches converge. Fabrics are now universally and extensively used in the design of safety systems of military aircraft due to their light weight and a host of other favorable properties. Important examples are parachutes, dinghies, life jackets, survival packs, arrester barrier nets etc. 2. Fabrics are also used in other aerospace application like, protective systems viz; flying clothing, fire proof/ fire retardant zones, pressure suits etc and environment systems viz; passenger seats, cabin upholstery, pressure suits, camouflage covers etc. 3. Each of the above applications is quite diverse in its functionality, operating characteristics, load spectrum etc. These varied design requirements compel use of diverse range of fabrics which need to meet stringent aeronautical standards. Diversity in range of fabrics has been further enlarged, firstly by our strategic decision to indigenously design and manufacture the safety systems and secondly by the increased market competition. This enlarged diversity in the range of fabrics has led to technological and maintenance issues which need to be jointly addressed by the designer, manufacturer and the user. 4. The central theme of this paper is to communicate the user’s concerns to the designer and the industry and synergise their efforts to optimize the constraints in design, manufacture and supply chain management. Application of Aerospace Fabrics 5. Aerospace fabrics find their application in three distinct systems of military aviation environment, viz; safety systems, protective systems and environment systems. Each of these systems has its specific role in the overall reliability of the weapon system viz; the military aircraft. They operate under specific conditions of physical and environmental loads and their design and materials used vary from application to application. 6. Typical applications of aerospace textiles in the military systems are: Safety Systems Safety Systems, Environment Systems Aircrew parachutes,Load lashing nets,Aircrew, PAX seats. Brake parachutes,Protective Systems,Pressure suits,Spin recovery parachutes, Flying Clothing,Cabin upholstery. Dinghies or Life rafts,Anti-G suits, Camouflage covers,Life jacketsFire resistant/ retardant barriers, Ballistic Control parachutes, Survival Packs, Arrester Barrier nets, Target Sleeves 7. The above are only generic and indicative uses to which aerospace textiles can be applied. The numbers and versions of applications are too many and any discussion on each of them separately is beyond the scope of this paper. However, fabrics used in safety systems in general and parachutes in particular are used as examples to drive home the point. 8. In parachutes, the aerospace fabrics are used in different forms, known as textile assemblies. Typically these assemblies are woven fabrics, woven narrow fabrics such as tapes and webbings, braided cordages, both cored and coreless and the sewing threads. The base yarns used in these textile assemblies may be nylon 6/66, capron, poly-aramids, cotton, polyester, rubberized nylons, neoprene fabrics, polyethylene etc. A broad summary of aerospace application of textiles is given in Properties of Aerospace Fabrics 9. The decision of the designer to use a specific base fibre and textile assembly for an application is governed by the physical and environmental load conditions and properties of the base fibre as well as its textile assembly. Properties of aerospace textile materials are thus important as these are responsible for successful performance of a safety system. Besides, fabric dimensions such as width, thickness and roll length of the fabric, structural parameters viz; denier, tenacity, yarn twist, type of weave etc are also specified. Every physical, constructional parameter and the fabric property have their own significance with regard to their role in parachute construction, packing, deployment and service life. Any deviation from the specifications would have the potential to put life and other valuable assets into danger. 10.The properties which are important and generally specified for an aerospace textile material are listed below and their importance in design of aerospace applications is discussed in the succeeding paragraphs. (a) Nature of Fibre (b) Dimensions of Textile Assembly (c) Mass and Volume (d) Tensile Properties (e) Air permeability 11. Nature of Fibre Each type of fibre has its own combination of properties and a parachute designer selects a fibre which could meet the minimum design requirements of a given parachute application. The use of a right fibre controls the properties of the materials namely mass, volume, strength, elongation, elastic behavior, thermal stability, resistance to UV light, abrasion, chemicals and moisture content etc. Use of wrong fabric or fabric with deviations in specified parameters would have serious effect on ultimate properties of the fabric. The choice of a fibre is, therefore, a major factor. Thus the intended performance of a parachute during operation is obtained if and only if the specified fibre is used in making the parachute materials. 12.Dimensions of Textile Assembly Width of fabric used in manufacture of parachute canopy is decided so as to minimize the wastages during mass manufacture. Higher thickness of a fabric increases the packed volume of a parachute and may create a difficulty in accommodating in the pack covers of specified size. In case of a tape or webbing, the width and thickness are important as these materials may have to pass through a metal component such as a pulley, buckle or a ring which have a definite gap to allow the tape to pass through. If the width is higher than the specified, it would not pass through the gap, and if it is less, then it would be loosely fit which is not desirable. Similarly, if thickness is on the higher side, the tape on fitment would go out of the dimensions of the metal component and may create problems in adjusting the extra volume. 13.Mass and Volume Mass of a parachute textile material is a highly critical parameter. An emphasis is always made to reduce the mass of each textile component to the lowest level so that the total mass of a parachute could be kept with in the given limits. Similarly low volume of the parachute system may vacate some space to allow some vital instrument to be installed. Thus, mass and volume are always kept at a minimum possible level. The mass of a range of packed parachutes are given in Table 2. Generally the mass of a man carrying parachute or a brake parachute is in the region of about 15 kg. Whereas, heavy drop parachutes and space recovery parachutes are substantially heavier as well as bulkier. Man Carrying Parachutes Brake Parachutes Heavy Drop Type Mass (kg) Type Mass (kg) Type Mass (kg) Para trooper’s Main 14 MIG 21 14 3-Cluster para 360 Para trooper’s Reserve 7 MIG – 23/27 17 P-7 PL form 700 SMK – 10 (HPT-32) 9 MIG 29 8 G-12 D (64’ dia) 27 SMK-15 (Canberra) 10 Jaguar 14 G-11 A (100 dia.) 52 Sea Harrier / Mirage 11 Mirage 2000 14 G-11 B (100 Dia) 56 BMK 41 (Kiran) 12 Su 30 24 C-3-3 (Iskra/ Mig 21) 12 Jaguar A/c 12 Space Recovery System Ram – air – 7 cell 16 Apollo recovery system 100 Table 2 : Mass of Various Parachute Systems 14. Fibre Density Since the mass and volume are highly critical parameters for parachute materials, certain properties which could be used control these are considered essential. One such important property is the density of the fibre. Lower density of fibres can bring about significant reduction in packed volume of a parachute system. If this is not achievable, one would have to resort to pressure packing of a parachute. Pressure packing is often resorted to in one-time or infrequent applications like recovery parachutes, re-entry systems, ballistic control parachutes etc. However, in case of brake parachutes, which are deployed several times in a day, pressure packing would lead to maintenance difficulties. Thus higher density of a fibre used in parachutes not only adds to the weight of the parachute but also leads to packing problems. The density of various relevant fibres is given in table 3. From the data we can see that the ECPE fibres are the lightest of all fibres. Obvious ly the materials like fabrics and tapes etc manufactured from these fibres would also be the lightest. Some examples of these fibres are Dyneema and Spectra. But these fibres have a low melting point of 1470C and their elongation properties need modification for use in some critical aerospace application. This aspect is indicated in Table 4, which compares the percentage elongation of nylons with Dyneema (ECPE) fibre. Sl No Fibre Density (gm/cm2) 1 Extended Chain Polyethylene Fibres (ECPE) 0.97 2 Nylons (6 And 66) 1.14 3 Silk 1.35 4 Polyesters (Terylene And Dacron) 1.38 5 P. Aramid (Kevlar-29) 1.44 6 Cotton 1.54 Table 3 : Density of some important fibres Material Extension (%) Recovery (%) Permanent Set (%) Immediate Delayed Immediate Delayed Cordage Nylon 44 10.6 13.3 55.6 98.1 1.9 Cordage Nylon 66 7.4 8.6 75.4 98.6 1.5 DYNEEMA SK75 4.0 6.2 19.4 307 69.3 Table 4 : Comparison of Elongation Properties 15.Tensile Properties Textile fibres differ considerably in their response to an externally applied force. Most of them show elastic behavior at very low strains however, at higher strains, visco-elastic effects become prominent. Beyond the elastic region, the strains become hard requiring more stress. At still higher strains, certain degree of strain softening takes place followed by yield process. In this region small increments in stress give rise to large deformations. Finally, the fibre breaks. Fig 1 2 show the behavior of aerospace fabrics under tensile load. 16.The tensile strength of a textile material depends on many factors such as the processes it has undergone, the mechanical treatments it has been subjected to, the relative humidity and the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere. In parachutes, shock loading takes place in every deployment which involves loading of the textile materials at a very high speed or at a high strain-rate. Fig 1 : Stress vs Strain curves of some aerospace fabrics. 17.Under these conditions sufficient time is not available for the viscous components of the fibre to react very fast, consequently the fibre undergoes a brittle fracture as soon as fracture stress is reached. Therefore under shock loading conditions the fibres such as nylon and polyester behave more ideally because these fibres show high tenacity and adequate elongation with sufficiently high melting point. Higher level of melting point is also necessary as temperature goes up during high rate of straining or shock load conditions. Fig 2 : Elongation and Break characteristics at varied strain rates. 18.Table 5A gives a comparison of the tensile properties of nylon and polyester. The results shown in Table 5A are attributed to IH Hall who published results of very high strain rate testing up to 98000% extension per minute i.e. 330% per second where as the conventional testing in laboratory is done at 49.8% extension per minute i.e. 0.0083% per sec. It is has been reported that at higher rate of extension, the increase in tensile modulus is substantial and the increase in tenacity is also significant. The reduction in elongation and energy absorption is found more in polyester than nylon 6. Under high rate of straining, the visco-elastic effects do not play an effective role as they could play during slow rates of straining. The above data also indicates that under shock load conditions nylon 6 stands out superior. It is reported in literature that besides the positive attributes of nylon 6 indicated above, its recovery characteristics, abrasion resistance, frictional behavior , heat conductivity etc are relatively superior, and these are favorable for its applications where high strain rates are involved. Table 5B gives a similar comparison between nylon and Kevlar. Nylon 66 Polyester Modulus (g/tex) At 0.0083 Sec-1 510 1290 At 330 Sec-1 1900 2000 % change 272.5 % 55% Tenacity (g/tex) At 0.0083 Sec-1 84.9 60.8 At 330 Sec-1 110.0 77.7 % change 29.5% 27.8% Elongation – to – break (%) At 0.0083 Sec-1 20.1 12.8 At 330 Sec-1 12.7 7.3 % change 36.8% 42.9 Work of rupture (J / g) At 0.0083 Sec-1 87.1 5.5 At 330 Sec-1 67.5 34.4 % change 22.5% 36.8% Table 5A : Tensile properties of Nylon 6 and Polyester yarn at high strain rates PROPERTIES NYLON KEVLAR Straining Rate % Straining Rate % 10 100 290, 000 10 480, 000 Tenacity 7.0 7.7 9.0 18.0 15.5 Elongation at break 15.0 12.0 11.0 2.3 2.3 Table 5B : Effect of straining rate on Nylon and Kevlar 19.The elongation and thermal properties of ECPE fibres like Dyneema and Spectra, are not vary favorable in parachute applications. At the same time, their strength to weight ratio and density are extremely tempting for use in aerospace applications. Some research done so far do show some promise for ECPE fibres. The research is essentially aimed at modifying the fibre structure as well as weave structure to achieve the desired elongation properties and thermal durability. Salient properties of high performance materials (HFMs) are given in Table 6. Type Of Fibres Density Max. Use Temp Elongation At Break Tenacity Modulus gm/cm3 0C % gpd gpd Poly-Aramids Kevlar 29 1.43 250 3.6 23 550 Technora 1.41 250 4.6 28 590 Twaron 1.44 250 3.3 22 620 Aromatic Polyesters Ekonol 1.4 150 2.6 31 1100 Vectran 1.47 150 25 700 Hetrocyclic Fibres Zylon AS 1.54 350 3.5 42 1300 Zylon ZM 1.56 350 42 2000 PBZT 1.57 350 2.5 30 2366 Extended Chain -PE Spectra 900 0.97 100 3.6 30 850 Spectra 1000 0.97 100 3.3 35 1246 Spectra 2000 0.97 100 2.9 38 1360 Conventional High Tenacity Fibres Nylon 66 1.14 150 15-20 10 37 Polyester 1.38 150 12-18 9.5 120 Table 6 : Properties of High Performance Fibres 20. Use of HFMs in parachutes therefore has been very much restricted. So far tapes and cordages have found their use in limited parachute applications such as sport parachutes. However, with the development of improved fibres of this group like Tensylon, and some variants of dyneema may find increasing applications. Another important aspect is that in the parachute application, it is a shock load of a few milliseconds duration. Therefore the creep observed after loading for a long duration may not be occurring in very short time periods. Some more research is necessary to obtain desired properties from HFMs. 21.It is also very important for consideration that even though the fibre tenacities may be very high, but actually the woven textile material on conversion from fibres or yarns may have disproportionately reduced strengths due to low translation efficiency. Pal SK, Thakre Vikas B and Kamruddin, give a detailed report on the translation efficiency of yarn to braided cordages in their paper â€Å"High performance Braided cordages parachutes† [Journal of Man-Made textiles in India, Feb 2005]. The translation efficiency in case of nylon is as high as 87 to 92% followed by polyester (77.4%), Kevlar29 and Vectran (57%), Spectra 1000 (55%) and the least being Dyneema (48-54.5%). The advantage of higher strength is lost during conversion of fibre to textile assembly. However, the initial tenacity of the high performance fibres being quite high, the resultant strength even after conversion is still quite high compared to nylon and polyester fibres. Comparative results of strength to mass ratio of various freshly braided cordages obtained in the above study are shown in Fig 3. Fibre Strength to Weight Ratio (x103) Dyneema 1 144.50 Dyneema 2 134.50 Dyneema 3 119.10 Spectra 114.80 Kevalr 29 112.00 Polyester 48.00 Nylon 42.30 Fig 3 : Comparison of Strength to Weight Ratio 22.Air Permeability Air permeability is an important property of fabric used in canopies for parachutes. It is a measure of the volume of air passed per unit time through unit area of the fabric at a certain water head pressure. Air permeability is directly responsible for rate of descent of the parachute with the load. Higher porosity causes faster rate of descent and lower porosity causes slower rate of descent and increased snatch forces on the canopy of the parachute. While high rate of descent can cause damage to the load, especially human beings, during descent as well as at landing, a lower rate of descent would delay the delivery of load. This delay could have serious adverse affects in a hostile environment. Therefore it is essential to use fabric of right air permeability. 23.The above discussion on properties of aerospace textiles was aimed at bringing out the relation of properties with the performance of aerospace applications of such textiles. It is needless to say that careful selection of textile properties by the designer and an equally careful production of these textiles by the manufacturers would go a long way in assuring the performance of the safety systems used in aerospace applications. Typical Problems encountered byusers 24.Premature withdrawal of brake parachutes.Brake parachutes are used to retard the landing speed of fighter aircraft. The life of these parachutes is specified in terms of number of deployments. In general, if the life assigned is 40 deployments, the brake parachutes are withdrawn after completion of as low as 25-30 deployments (average). The reasons are that after deployment of brake parachutes, they are jettisoned at the end of the runway. The parachute is then collected by ground crew for inspection and repacking. Most of the damages to the brake parachutes occur during the intervening period between jettison and collection. Some of the factors which could contribute the pre-mature failure are jettisoned parachutes falling into spillage of fuel, dirt and dust at the runway end, entanglement of parachute canopy with thorny shrubs, tears induced while transportation of the parachutes to servicing bays. While these are essentially environment induced failures, a re-look into design, especially the materials have a potential to reduce the pre-mature withdrawals. Another reason could be that most of the brake parachutes are pressure packed in manual rammers. Uneven ramming can causes creases or even pores to appear on the fabric. These areas then succumb to operating loads leading failure of fabric in the form of tear. Tear-proof and abrasion resistant materials with right mass density could provide possible answer. 25.Degradation due to moisture. Moisture and humidity are known to be having degradation effects on nylon, which is an essential material in all parachutes. Higher temperature like those encountered in desert regions accentuates the degradation. In order to prevent such degradations, parachutes are required to be dried at regular intervals. This requires withdrawal of the parachute from service for a minimum period of 48 hrs thereby increasing downtime of the aircraft, which could be otherwise serviceable. This process also requires massive infrastructure for drying the parachutes and man hours to undertake the job. Use of moisture proof material is certainly a solution to this problem however, such material needs to meet other specifications for parachute application. 26.Dirty Brake Parachutes. As indicated in para above, brake parachutes are jettisoned at the runway end. Dust, dirt, oil spillage would cause soiling of the parachute material. fungus and mildew formation or stains from shrubs at the runway end, chemicals in servicing bay also cause contamination on the parachute material. The design specifications do not permit any contamination or stains on the canopy of the parachute as they have the tendency to weaken the fabric. Therefore, any contamination or stains would lead to the parachute being withdrawn for repairs. Repair in such cases involves replacement of affected portion of the fabric by new fabric. The affected parachutes need to be sent to 16 BRD, Palam for repairs from as far flung places as JK and Assam regions. The solution to this problem could be found in developing washable and/ or stain proof fabrics for parachute applications. 27.Degradation of Webbings. Webbings are generally used in harness of pilot parachutes. Harnesses are meant to strap the pilot to the ejection seat as well as provide connection to the parachute in case of any emergency. The harness is strapped to the pilot before each sortie and unstrapped after the sortie. The harness also provides for adjustment of lengths its various components to suit the size of the pilot. Therefore harnesses are the most frequently handled component of the parachute. In the process of strapping, adjustment and unstrapping, the harness material experiences tensile, bending, twisting and abrasive loads. It is also exposed to sweat, dirt and UV radiations. The result is fraying of harnesses at edges, hardening of the webbing due to action of sweat and dirt, folding of webbing leading to difficulty in strapping and adjustments. These problems could be overcome by using washable, abrasion-resistant, soft, UV stabilized webbings. 28.UV Degradation. As indicated earlier, the safety systems used in IAF are exposed to extreme weather conditions. Many of these systems are also exposed to direct sunlight for prolonged duration. The best examples of this situation are the arrester barriers installed at the runway ends of every flying station. Exposure to direct sunlight causes UV degradation of the textile materials and the life of these systems get curtailed. While a certain calendar based life (2 years) has been specified by the designer, the actual life achieved varied from 1 year to 4  ½ years. Such variation has been attributed to variation in exposure to UV radiations at different stations. As all arrester barrier nets need to be safety certified each day, a measure of abundance precaution is to test the strength of the arrester barrier straps at periodic intervals. UV stabilization of the material could not only add to life of the net assemblies but also their life could be predicted with better accuracy. Conclusions 29.Textiles used in aerospace applications have been traditionally based on nylon as the base fibre. Nylon is very versatile fibre for use in such applications due to a host of favorable properties. Yet, certain drawbacks of nylon and feasibility of use of HFM like ECPE fabrics has given rise to a new debate in the design of aerospace safety systems, especially in the field of parachute design. 30.Optimum performance of safety systems and their maintainability should be viewed as a joint criterion in the design of safety systems. Such an integrated design approach was hitherto not considered due to lack of an alternative material. However, with advent of HFMs and availability of technology to optimize the textile properties, time has now come to look beyond traditional nylon stronghold in the design of safety systems for aircraft applications. 31.High performance materials like Spectra, Dyneema etc with their high strength to weight ratio are ideally suited for aerospace applications. Modifications of their thermal and elongation properties would make them strong contenders for application in parachute design. 32.While we continue our research in modifying the properties of HFMs, we also need to consider incorporating maintainability requirements into these materials. Some of the properties desirable from maintainability point of view are; (a) wash ability (b) abrasion resistance (c) tear resistance (d) moisture resistance (e) UV stabilisation (f) material standardisation Bibliography and suggested further readings 1. J.H. Skinkle; Textile Testing; Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., Brooklyn, N.Y., 1949. 2. Man-made Textiles Encyclopedia; J.J. Press, Textile Book Publishers, Inc., New York, 1959. 3. Hall, I.H.; Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 54, 1961; 4. W.E. Morton J.W.S. Hearle; Physical Properties of Textile Fibres; Textile Institute, Butterworths, London, 1962. 5. P.A. Koch; Microscopic and Chemical Testing of Textiles; Chapman and Hall Publisher, London, 1963. 6. Ward, J.M. and Pinnock, P.R.; Journal of Physics, 17, 1966, 3. 7. J.E. Booth; Principles of Textiles Testing; Butterworths, London, 1968 8. ASTM; ASTM D76, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part-32; Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part-32, 1979. 9. S. Gupta, I. Husain and T. Tarafdar; Textile Materials for use in Parachutes; Man-made Textiles in India; Man-made Textiles in India, September, 1980. 10. William, B- Pepper Jr.; Evaluation of kevlar-29 vs Nylon for 3.8 m (12.5) dia ribbon parachute; Journal of Air craft, volume, 17, Number 3, March 1980. 11. BIS; Handbook of Textile Testing-SP:15-1981; Bureau of Indian Standards, 1982. 12. I.Husain and T. Tarafdar; Fabric Porosity and its control in Regulating Air Permeability of Parachute canopy; Seminar on Flexible Aerodynamic Decelerators Balloon Technology, held at ADRDE, Agra, Mar, 1987. 13. BIS; Handbook on Glossary of Textile Terms-SP:45-1988; Bureau of Indian Standards, 1988. 14. Seminar; Production, Processing, structure, Properties and Applications of Man-made Fibres, vol-I II;CEP organised by Deptt. of Textile Technology, I.I.T., Delhi, Dec., 1988. 15. Keith Benefield; Spectra High Performance Fibers for the Fabrication of Light Weight Parachute System; Proceedings of AIAA, 10th Aerodynamic Decelerator Systems Technology Conference, Cocoa Beach, Florida (U.S.A), April. 1989. 16. BIS; Handbook of Textile Testing, Part-1, Testing and Grading of Textile Fibres-SP:15 (Part-1)-1989; Bureau of Indian Standards, 1990. 17. I. Husain, S.K. Pal and Priti Saxena; Effect of Weaves and Yarn Constructions on the Resultant Properties of woven Nylon Tapes; Journal of Aeronautical Society of India, Vol. 47, no. 3, August 1995. 18. I. Husain S.K. Pal; Effect of Constructional Parameters on the Properties of Nylon Braided Cordages; Indian Journal of Fibre Textile Research, Vol. 22, December 1997. 19. Kothari, V.K.; Progress in Textile Science, vol 2, Textile Fiber: Developments and innovations; AFL PUBLICATIONS, New Delhi 2000. 20. S.K. Pal, Vikas B. Thakare Kamruddin; Effect of repeated loading on the residual tensile properties of nylon load bearing members of parachute; Man-Made Textiles In India, May 2002. 21. S.K. Pal Vikas B. Thakare; Development of High Performance Braided Cordages for Parachute Applications; Proceedings of the ‘National Seminar On Textile Ropes Cordages’, held at IIT, Delhi during Dec 2003. 22. Pal S.K., Thakare Vikas B., Gaurav Singh; Creep Behaviour of cordages made of High Performance Fibers for Aerospace Applications; International Seminar 15-17 March 2005, ADRDE.;2005 23. S.K. Pal, Vikas B. Thakare Kamruddin; High Performance Braided Cordages for Parachutes; Man-Made Textiles In India, 2005.;2005 25. B.W. White and D. Northey; Parachute Recovery System, Part-I Parachute materials, applications and Design; Technical Report No. A80-29657, AIAA Tech Information service, New York, USA.; 26. CEP; Technical Textiles for decelerators Inflatables; CEP organized by ADRDE, Agra.; 27. Knacke, T.W; Parachute Recovery System-Design Mannual; Santa Bar Research Papers on Optimisation of Aerospace FabricsOpen Architechture a white paperRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalGenetic EngineeringDefinition of Export QuotasRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

Italian Phrases to Use at the Train Station

Italian Phrases to Use at the Train Station You’ve been in Rome for a few days, and you’re ready to venture out of the city to somewhere with a slower pace, like Orvieto or Assisi- or perhaps you just want to see more of Italy and you’re heading out to places like Venezia, Milano, or Napoli. Wherever you want to go, Italy is well-connected by train, so it’s easy to get around without having to brave the streets in a rented car. Of course, you’ll run into inconveniences like gli scioperi or strikes when taking the train and it’s likely that there will be a delay, but overall the system works. To help you get around Italy, here are some phrases to use in train stations and on trains. Phrases for the Train Station Dov’à ¨ la stazione dei treni? - Where is the train station?Dove si comprano i biglietti? - Where can I buy tickets?Quanta costa il biglietto a Orvieto? - How much does the ticket to Orvieto cost?Un biglietto per (Venezia), per favore. - A ticket for (Venice), please.Vorrei comprare un biglietto per (Roma). - I would like to buy a ticket to (Rome). A train ticket can be†¦ ...di sola andata - one way ...(di) andata e ritorno - round-trip ...di prima classe - first class ...di seconda classe - second class A che ora passa l’ultimo treno? - What time does the last train come?Da quale binario parte il treno per (Orvieto)? - What platform does the train for (Orvieto) leave from?Dov’à ¨ il binario (otto)? - Where is platform (eight_?Quali sono le carrozze di prima classe? - Which cars are for first class? You might hear†¦ Il treno à ¨ in ritardo. - The train is late.C’à ¨ un ritardo di (cinque) minuti. - There is a 5-minute delay.Oggi c’à ¨ uno sciopero. - There is a strike today.Il treno numero (2757) à ¨ in partenza da binario nove. - Train number (2757) is leaving from platform nine.Il treno numero (981) à ¨ in arrivo a binario tre. - Train number (981) is in arrival at platform three.Ci scusiamo il disturbo. - We apologize for the disturbance. For all of the phrases above, it’s very useful to be able to say and understand the numbers. Phrases on the Train Quanto tempo ci vuole? - How long does the trip take?Qual à ¨ la prossima fermata? - What is the next stop?La prossima fermata à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ - The next stop is†¦Ho l’Eurail pass. - I have a Eurail pass. While you’re on the train, it’s very likely that a person, called il controllore, will come by to check your tickets. Most likely, they’ll say something like, Buongiorno / Buonasera, biglietti? - Good afternoon / Good evening, tickets? You’ll simply show them your ticket- either ones that your printed from the Internet or the ones from the ticket counter. If you got your tickets from the counter, remember to validate them at any of the machines in the train station prior to boarding. If you don’t, you could be fined fifty or more euro. È questo il treno per...? - Is this the train for...?Questo treno va anche a (Firenze)? - Does this train also go to Florence? When you look at the boards with all of the arrivals (arrivi) and departures (partenze), you’ll notice that the only destination shown is the final one, so it’s more reliable to depend on the number of the train as opposed to the city that’s being shown. FUN FACT: There are three main types of trains: 1.) Fast trains - Frecciabianca (or Frecciarossa) / Italo 2.) Intercity - IC 3.) Local trains - Regionale/Regionale veloce TIP: Never buy a first-class ticket for local trains as the carriages are all the same and they’ll charge you more for first-class. You can check the timetable for the trains online at Trenitalia or Italo. You can also buy tickets at the ticketing office of the train station or at the self-service machines using both credit card and cash, although some machines may only take cards. If you are doing longer bouts of train travel, you may want to consider taking a high-speed train. If you do that, you can determine your carriage number and seat by looking at the bottom of the ticket. Finally, if you know you’ll be traveling a lot throughout Italy, you can save some money by buying a eurail pass.

Biodegradation Using Fungal Isolates

Biodegradation Using Fungal Isolates Dr. Jayanthi Abraham* Anjali.M, Caroline Jessica Solomon, V.Vinothini. Abstract Biodegradation is a sustainable and eco friendly way to clean up contaminated environments. The biological processes harnessed play a major role in the removal of contaminants and they make use of the catabolic versatility of microorganisms to degrade/covert compounds which are toxic and difficult to breakdown. The study was done to determine the biodegradation of profenofos using fungal strains. Two fungal strains were isolated and characterized by 18srRNA sequencing. Minimum inhibitory concentration was checked on the fungal isolates. Growth kinetics was performed using Czpax Dox broth to understand the growth pattern of the fungal isolates in the presence and absence of profenofos. The biodegradation of the pesticide was then performed using the isolates grown on minimal and mineral media. Analytical characterizations of profenofos were also done using HPLC, GCMS, and FTIR. Key words: Profenofos, Gro wth kinetics, Biodegradation, fungal isolates. 1. Introduction Modern agricultural practices include the use of various chemical supplements in the form of pesticides such as fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides which are used to manage different groups of pests to maximize crop yield and to meet the demands for higher supplies of food and other agricultural products for the fast-growing human population. Various  benefits are derived from the use of pesticides, however they also cause a wide array of toxicological and environmental problems and often persist in the environment for long periods of time. Organophosphorus insecticides are one of the most commonly used pesticides in agricultural practices. Out of a large number of organophosphate pesticides, profenofos is the one that is most widely used because of its broad spectrum of activity. Profenofos: O-4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl-O-ethyl S-propyl phosphorothioate (C11H15BrClO3PS, Molecular mass 373.6 g/mol]) is widely used for agricultural purposes in India and some other countries such as Australia, China, Pakistan, Egypt and Korea. [1][2][3][4][5][6].It is classified as moderately hazardous(toxicity class II) pesticide by WHO. Profenofos iw widely used on cotton, to control the tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, armyworm, cotton aphid, mealy bugs, cotton strainers, whiteflies, spider mites, plant bugs, leafhoppers and flea hoppers ,they are used as effective pesticide for watermelon, Chilli peppers, tomatoes, soya beans . An estimated 85% of all profenofos is used to control lepidopteron species (the worm complex) at varying rates. It is a non systemic insecticide and acaricide which is found to have contact and stomach action. Like any other pesticide its effect on non target organisms is unavoidable and they eventually find their way into the food chain. Morphological, reproductive, enzymatic, hormonal and genotoxic effects exhibited by this pesticide have been reported[2]. Profenofos was found to be highly toxic to different organisms including mammals [8] insects  [9], and [6][11] Profenofos has been found to cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans; it over stimulates the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, confusion, and at very high exposures, respiratory paralysis and death. It has been found that various bacteria such as Pseudomonas diminuta, Flavobacteria sp , Pseudomonas putida , Burkholderia gladioli [12] Pesudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis . fungi and actinomycetes [13] are able to degrade these pesticides in the soil. Fungi however have been found to be more efficient in doing so. There are several methods which can be used to degrade pesticides which have accumulated in the environment, these process are Photo catalytic degradation, Ozonation, Oxidative processes, Phytoremediation, photo-fenton reactions and bioremediations (Zenilda et al.). Of all these systems bioremediations is found to be most effective because it brings about complete mineralisation unlike in the case of physicalor chemical treatment. Treatment can be done insitu without having to excavate contaminated soil, thus it becomes extremely cost effective.

Promotion campaign for the Spring Collection 2012 of Swarovski Assignment

Promotion campaign for the Spring Collection 2012 of Swarovski - Assignment Example The report would involve several criteria to select promotional tools, and goal setting programmes performing the role of a sustainable marketing plan. The prime intention of conducting this report will emphasise on increasing the annual turnover of the company’s crystal business which recently was recorded to surpass its EUR 2 billion benchmark in the year 2010. In the year 2011, the company was recorded to earn revenue of EUR 2.22 billion from this particular business segment attaining around 10% growth. Notably, this segment can be regarded as the most competent one with further growth prospects which is aimed to attain a growth rate of 15% in the fiscal year of 2012. Hence, this particular objective can be attained with due significance to effective and aggressive promotions of Swarovski’s seasonal collections which is quite famous worldwide and tends to attract the fashion lovers from the elite groups all around the world. Swarovski’s target customers, speci fically for the campaign regarding their Spring Collection, are observed to be the young people of the society and the niche sector. It is due to the fact that most of the products under the latest collection are designed in a manner which is more attractive to the young generation and tends to satisfy their desires regarding fashionable accessories to a large extent. Moreover, the price and the features of the products are mostly preferred by the niche fashion lover people of the society who can be stated as the secondary targeted customer group for the Spring Collection 2012 of Swarovski. ... Hence, this particular objective can be attained with due significance to effective and aggressive promotions of Swarovski’s seasonal collections which is quite famous worldwide and tends to attract the fashion lovers from the elite groups all around the world. 2.0 Stakeholders Analysis 2.1. Customer Analysis Swarovski’s target customers, specifically for the campaign regarding their Spring Collection, are observed to be the young people of the society and the niche sector. It is due to the fact that most of the products under the latest collection are designed in a manner which is more attractive to the young generation and tends to satisfy their desires regarding fashionable accessories to a large extent. Moreover, the price and the features of the products are mostly preferred by the niche fashion lover people of the society who can be stated as the secondary targeted customer group for the Spring Collection 2012 of Swarovski. Furthermore, Swarovski also targets the teenage group as its target customer group offering a versatile blend of designs and colours in the crystal products (Swarovski, 2012). It is in this regards, that the promotional campaign will be planned taking into concern the preferences of the young generation as the majority proportion of the targeted customers of Swarovski tend to belong from this market segment. The campaign will thus fundamentally focus on the young customers of the urban areas between the age-group of 15 years (i.e. the teenage group) to the age group of 27 (i.e. the young generation). Moreover, as the product range tends to focus on the female section of the targeted population to a large extent, the promotional campaign will also be developed taking this certain fact

Deadly Force - Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deadly Force - - Research Paper Example The articles are being compared and contrasted so that a positive outcome could be drawn as a result of the study. Overview of the Articles In his article â€Å"Emergency Vehicle Safety† published in February 2012, Thomas J. Connelly advocates the importance of the emergency vehicles safety for the police officers and the general public when they are performing various functions, such as chasing traffic violators, in metropolitan cities or patrolling in their assigned areas. The importance of vehicles or cars for a police officer is apparent. He further stated that during his years in law enforcement, 20-30% of police officers died as a result of motor vehicle collisions and many of the officers sustained intense injuries due to the motor vehicle collisions. Eventually, he postulated that when an officer drives his/her car at high speed, the risk of collision increases, and this threatens not only his/her life but also the lives of innocent pedestrians. Considering the fact, t he author of the article stated that many types of equipment installed in the officer’s car often distract the driver in one or the other way, and this ultimately leads to fatal collisions. Concurrently, he advocated that police officers should be provided with necessary training at regular intervals. He put stress on reviewing current policies and procedures as an integral part of the training and emphasized the integration of innovative technologies required to halt the prevailing trend (Connelly, 2012). McDermott and Hulse in their article â€Å"Focus on Training† published in June 2012 in FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin stress on improving the performance of the police personnel through positive feedback techniques. They outlined the importance of supervisors in providing necessary and corrective feedback to the police personnel so that these personnel, after receiving feedback, can initiate the process of bringing in requisite changes in their performances. They repo rted that police personnel are recruited and trained, and further their performances are supervised in terms of tactical skills, human interactions and communication skills. Accordingly, the role of supervisors and their skills became vital for providing corrective feedback to the concerned personnel so that the personnel can identify their weaknesses and work on improving their performances. The authors advocated that a Field Training Officer (FTO) is responsible for providing corrective feedback to the respective recruits; they also argued that the response from the various recruits may not be same, and in such circumstances the role of FTO becomes even more crucial (McDermott & Hulse, 2012). In his article â€Å"Crowd Management† published in August 2012 in FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, the author Mike Masterson focuses on effective crowd management task of the police officers. He stated that crowd management is one of the most important tasks performed by the police perso nnel and further stressed the factor that every police personnel must know their roles while managing the crowd effectively. Concurrently, he added that every police officer dealing with the crowd should display respect and courtesy towards the public irrespective of their race, religion and gender. Eventually, the police personnel should promote peace in a congregation of the people, and in order to accomplish such goals, they must rely on soft approach and should engage in effective dialogue with the organizers of an event owing to which the

Human Resources Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Human Resources Strategies - Essay Example Therefore, the employee should not come under knowledge about how their pay is determined but should be aware that what performance comes under requirement to obtain a given raise in the wage amount. (Cascio, 2006) 360-Degree Feedback is one of the development tools that come under practice by the HR team that facilitates in measuring the employee performance and recognize the strengths and weaknesses that can help the employee be more productive and effective. However, according to the personal viewpoint, each job description must come under evaluation on different dimensions. This is because the every job description has different set of responsibilities and it would be inequitable and unfair to evaluate or assess them on the same set of performance dimensions. In addition, at GE/Durham, the managers are responsible only for making a dozen major decisions while the team members are liable to make all the other decisions or their inputs are the basis of the decisions. With respect to the case study, GE/Durham is an organization where the team members have their prime focus on making perfect jet engines correctly, quickly and cheaply, therefore, the contents of the 360-Degree appraisal must depend upon problem solving, planning, and organizing, teamwork, communication, and leadership effectiveness. While looking at the working style of GE/Durham, the rating format in order to make the appraisal ratings must include open-ended questions to have the written feedbacks. Apart from few open-ended questions, multiple choice questions and 5-point rating scale  questions would also be beneficial. For members of the nine production teams working at GE/Durham, performance assessments must come under evaluation by Paula Sims, as she is the plant manager of the team members. Although the evaluation would come under assessment from the feedbacks provided by the peers, the managers, and direct reports Sims is the key responsible person

Condom Ads Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Condom Ads - Essay Example This essay examines the serious sides of these ads, and considers why these ads have been banned. The two advertisements in question promote condoms. The first advertisement depicts a boy that is about to go on a date. As he approaches his date an army of sperm charge towards her only to be captured in a condom (‘Banned Commercials – Durexy’). While one intention of this advertisement is the promotion of condoms, it also seems to indicate that the boy on the date is highly sexually charged and that the sperm chasing towards the woman are the symbolic manifestation of his desire. The other advertisement features a screaming child in a grocery store; the child is clearly a pain and at the end of the ad there is simply the phrase ‘condoms’ (‘Banned Commercials – condoms’). This ad is tacitly saying that one should use condoms or potentially have a child that will cause such terror. Even while these advertisements are seemingly not as morally charged as content on some popular television programming they were banned. It seems to an extent the nature of advertisement is held to a different standard than television programming. One considers that with television shows the viewer generally chooses to watch, whereas advertising is random and involuntary. The nature of the advertisement can also have a more powerful impact on the viewer than a single television show. Even as the content in the show is temporary, advertisements are oftentimes shown repeatedly as a means of gaining viewer attention. While the advertisement with the child is relatively harmless, one can also interpret some sinister meaning in the first advertisement. In these regards, the sperm charging at the woman seems to encourage an attitude of sexual pressure and promiscuity; an extreme interpretation would even claim date rape. Ultimately, from some perspectives, these advertisements could pose a greater threat to the moral

Difference between a Metteurs-en-Scene and an Auteur Essay

Difference between a Metteurs-en-Scene and an Auteur - Essay Example Distinction on this basis has been a cause of the difficulty faced on whether to classify managers as either auteur or Metteurs-en-scene since it is not a clear-cut distinction (Wollen 1972). The distinction between art cinema and classical cinema is quite clear. While art cinema is the most famous under film studies through the recognition it gets out of famous film makers, specific films or specific kinds of cinemas not forgetting some writers and the audience it targets. They are common with the auteur kinds of films with a sample of its film being the films include LAvventura (1960). David Bordwell and other filmmakers on the other hand coin the term classical film. They largely stress on the Metteurs-en-scene kind of arts or film, classical cinema is widely spread due to the dominance of these kinds of films and the choice that has been made by most filmmakers to follow in the making of such films. The art cinemas are presented in small film theatres as compared to the classical, which are conducted on large picture palaces. Art cinemas screen new films with repertory functions drawing their audiences form highly educated urban intelligentsia as opposed to the class ical cinema, which is rich in culture and attracts the rural uneducated folks (Kolker 1980). Movie brats such as Michelangelo Antonioni (b. 1912), Federico Fellini (1920–1993), Jean-Luc Godard (b. 1930), and Ingmar Bergman (b. 1918); the films include LAvventura (1960), 8Â ½ (1963), À bout de souffle (Breathless, 1960) and Det Sjunde inseglet (The Seventh Seal, 1957) play a critical role when it comes to the impact that auterism has in relation to film production. According to the lectures, it is evident that a new generation of movie brats has the controls of the production of their films (Grist 2000). Â  

Human Resources Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Human Resources Strategies - Essay Example Therefore, the employee should not come under knowledge about how their pay is determined but should be aware that what performance comes under requirement to obtain a given raise in the wage amount. (Cascio, 2006) 360-Degree Feedback is one of the development tools that come under practice by the HR team that facilitates in measuring the employee performance and recognize the strengths and weaknesses that can help the employee be more productive and effective. However, according to the personal viewpoint, each job description must come under evaluation on different dimensions. This is because the every job description has different set of responsibilities and it would be inequitable and unfair to evaluate or assess them on the same set of performance dimensions. In addition, at GE/Durham, the managers are responsible only for making a dozen major decisions while the team members are liable to make all the other decisions or their inputs are the basis of the decisions. With respect to the case study, GE/Durham is an organization where the team members have their prime focus on making perfect jet engines correctly, quickly and cheaply, therefore, the contents of the 360-Degree appraisal must depend upon problem solving, planning, and organizing, teamwork, communication, and leadership effectiveness. While looking at the working style of GE/Durham, the rating format in order to make the appraisal ratings must include open-ended questions to have the written feedbacks. Apart from few open-ended questions, multiple choice questions and 5-point rating scale  questions would also be beneficial. For members of the nine production teams working at GE/Durham, performance assessments must come under evaluation by Paula Sims, as she is the plant manager of the team members. Although the evaluation would come under assessment from the feedbacks provided by the peers, the managers, and direct reports Sims is the key responsible person

Difference between a Metteurs-en-Scene and an Auteur Essay

Difference between a Metteurs-en-Scene and an Auteur - Essay Example Distinction on this basis has been a cause of the difficulty faced on whether to classify managers as either auteur or Metteurs-en-scene since it is not a clear-cut distinction (Wollen 1972). The distinction between art cinema and classical cinema is quite clear. While art cinema is the most famous under film studies through the recognition it gets out of famous film makers, specific films or specific kinds of cinemas not forgetting some writers and the audience it targets. They are common with the auteur kinds of films with a sample of its film being the films include LAvventura (1960). David Bordwell and other filmmakers on the other hand coin the term classical film. They largely stress on the Metteurs-en-scene kind of arts or film, classical cinema is widely spread due to the dominance of these kinds of films and the choice that has been made by most filmmakers to follow in the making of such films. The art cinemas are presented in small film theatres as compared to the classical, which are conducted on large picture palaces. Art cinemas screen new films with repertory functions drawing their audiences form highly educated urban intelligentsia as opposed to the class ical cinema, which is rich in culture and attracts the rural uneducated folks (Kolker 1980). Movie brats such as Michelangelo Antonioni (b. 1912), Federico Fellini (1920–1993), Jean-Luc Godard (b. 1930), and Ingmar Bergman (b. 1918); the films include LAvventura (1960), 8Â ½ (1963), À bout de souffle (Breathless, 1960) and Det Sjunde inseglet (The Seventh Seal, 1957) play a critical role when it comes to the impact that auterism has in relation to film production. According to the lectures, it is evident that a new generation of movie brats has the controls of the production of their films (Grist 2000). Â  

Health Care Innovation Essay Example for Free

Health Care Innovation Essay Asthma is most common in children it begins at infancy and continues to adulthood. Approximate 40,000 Americans miss school or work. This is costing the United States economies about $56 billion a year. Research companies are coming up with 74 new medicines to treat or present asthma. By producing new medicines it will help reduce the cost of asthma. Asthmas are often described with symptoms of a cough which can be worse at night. Wheezing is a noise heard in the airways this is most common in children who live in urban areas. They may be exposed to the most dangerously cock roach antigens, dust mites or pet danger. The high risk for the children had more hospitalizations unscheduled medical visits. Patients can face multiple barriers to care such as lack of routine pediatrician visits and have no access to asthma specialty care. The benefits patient’s especially preschool children there are a Head Start program in Baltimore Maryland, where all the children in the program can receive services through a pediatric asthma clinic while also learning and educating themselves from asthma educators. The mobile clinic offers asthma examination and prescriptions along with parent education about the disease. The asthma educator does a home visit where he or she explains how the program works and how the parents can learn to communicate with the pediatrician another option would be to offer the family to accompany them to their physician’s office. Each year Breath mobile sends forms home with for parents interested in a visit. The parents fill out the form and have the child bring it back to school the next day. Next the assessment where each child gets a form and the screening comes back with presence symptomatic asthma. The staff reaches out to them to schedule a visit during school hours where both child and parent need to attend. A team of pediatric allergist or pulmonologist comes in with a NP, RN, where the examination takes place with each child. Their main focus is on medical history and testing the child’s lung function. Medications should be taken to prevent any flare up. Families receive asthma education and also to follow up with your primary care physician. Some of the new medicines they are trying out is a momocinioal antibody that inhibits eosinophils( a type of white blood cell) form accumulating in the lungs. Next, a new inhalation therapy that harnesses the body’s natural defense in the airway against asthma. Lastly, a medicine that blocks the pro-inflammatory effect of prostaglandin in allergic asthma. (innovations.org 2012) Another development is with 4 new medicines the first one is reducing eosiophil accumulation which means the white blood cells is important for killing parasites in the body, although it can occur in your lung tissues which will damage the lining of your air passage. Second, controlling pathogens is an inhalation therapy. Third alleviating allergy systems there is a protein called interieukin that plays a role in the symptoms of allergic asthma. The increased mucus may contribute to the airway obstruction. Another one is blocking inflammatory response where the prostaglandin and protein receptor crth2 of allergens will cause imflammorty cells to flare up. I think this asthma innovation will decrease health care spending. By offering more services such as these above more children will be able to breathe better. Their not many appointments scheduled or kept. Some of the children had no change in symptoms. When bringing a mobile clinic it did not change the access of care. Families should be more educated about asthma, and be able to have a community advocate. Let parents choose convenient times include other options for expanding interventions. Every child that suffers with asthma will benefit from this and the parents will be relieved such services existed. This will help them live a happy life and to control there breathing would be helpful also and be able to avoid asthma attacks. In addition the number of hospitals visits for pediatric asthma medical assistance has increased. This is measured by how many ambulatory visits, emergency department use. Since 2000 ambulatory visits are increasing due to disease severity and health care utilization. The youngest boys (0-4 years of age) used ambulatory care and hospital services more frequently than did girls of the same age, but different according to sex decreased to insigifant levels in the 11-17 year old age group. (hing, 2004) Path physiology of Asthma Airway inflammation continues to expand and may be an alliance of many cells types. Asthma can be difficult to diagnosis in infants and toddlers. Wheezing has been suggested as the most important symptom in identifying asthma in disease population studies. (Gergen 1998) With the variety of etiologies, asthma is characterized by heterogeneity. The improved phenotype was to classify the missing compounds of heritability. The term phenotype, as introduced by Johannes and Shull was intended to characterize different â€Å"types† of organisms distinguishable by their observable characteristics (eg, shape, structure, size and color.) New Innovations Along with new research and development of diagnostician wheeze indemnification. A deceiver called Pulmotrack and wheezeometer will help with young children who are unable to cooperate. This device was successful used in brochoprovocation testing in infants. The current asthma inhaler children are using cost effective and it is the safest scientific approach for asthma therapy. While you are at your physicians office the cost is determined by which drug of choice, availability and reimbursement options. The device the doctor chooses should be tailored to their age. With health care spending on this innovation will stay the same? Unless they are able to determine a better treatment for kids. I think parents and doctors should be educated about the risks and medication using. If they do need to change medications for any reason then go back to your physician and have them look it over. Every patient should have a written asthma plan which should include the following: regarding triggers, medications, and emergency contracts. This information should be reviewed at every visit. Intervention is the best out come for asthma patients, whether a school based clinic, doctor’s office, or a parent helps them out. Factors are still missing with regards to epidemiology, pathophysioogy environmental control these have yet to be resolved. Asthma is diagnosed in children from infancy to adulthood it can come from dust mites, air in the environment tobacco smoke. Researchers are studying new ways to treat asthma for patients. In developing new medicines to kill parasites by controlling pathogens while targeting interleukin and environmental allergens. With all this new technology and medicine coming into the future children will be able to have better control over there asthma systems and will not have to worry about it all their life. References Eakin MN, Rand CS, Biderback A, et.al. Asthma in Head Start Children. Effects of the Breathmobile Program and family communications on Asthma outcomes. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Published online November 21, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.jacionline.org/article/s0091-6749(1)01622-8/abstract Gergen PJ, Mullay DI, Evans R III. National Survey of prevalence of asthma among children in the United States, 1976-1980. Pediatrics 1988; 81(1);1-7. Hing E, Cherry DK, Woodwell DA, National Ambulatory Medical care survey: 2004. Advance data from vital and health statistics; no 374. National center for health statistics; 2006. Innovation in Action: The Improving Asthma care for children programs. Retrieved from http://www.pediatricasthma.org/Medicaid_managed_care Innovation.org Asthma March 5, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.inovovatioin.org/index.cfm/futureofinnovation/newmedicineindevelopment/asthma.

Rbs staff grievance procedure

Rbs staff grievance procedure INTRODUCTION Grievance is a complaint held by a member of staff against the RBS as an employer, including a grievance against another member of staff acting on behalf of the RBS. The grievance procedure established by RBS does not apply to collective disputes neither it entertains disputes between members of staff in their private capacities. These procedures mean a ground for complaint against an action taken by another member of staff of the employer acting under the authority of management. RBS Grievance procedures consist of several stages. Throughout all stages of the procedure, every attempt is made to settle the matter by conciliation and negotiations. STAGE 1 INFORMAL DISCUSSION 1. A member of staff when thinking of raising a grievance should try to resolve the matter by a direct approach to the person under the authority usually a Line Manager. www.worthingtonslaw.co.ukf STAGE 2 ONE ON ONE WITH LINE MANAGER 2. If the matter after informal discussion remains unresolved, the aggrieved he or she should request a personal hearing with their line manager. STAGE 3 IN WRITING 3. Then the request shall be made in writing or should be lodged on a Internal Operational Complaint system and shall specify: the grounds for the grievance; Such other background information as may appear relevant and useful. 4. The line manager shall: If appropriate seek the advice of the Human Resources Department or should consult his supervisor or Manager. Should meet the aggrieved staff within five working days. Aggrieved staff and the line manager shall have a copy of the written request or the reference number for the lodged complain. (Marson: Business Law) 5. Another member of the staff as a witness if required can accompany the aggrieved staff at the hearing with line manager. 6. Line manager should then write the report of the meeting or minutes of the meeting or hearing and send it to HR or in case if HR department is not involved or consulted for advice should keep it as a record. Please note: In the case of a grievance against a line manager, this initial hearing shall be with the appropriate Head of Department. STAGE 3 INFORMING AND MEETING THE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT 7. If the matter still remains unresolved and is not in hands of line manager, the aggrieved staff then requests a meeting with the Head of Department. The copy of request shall be sent to Head of Department or the lodged complaint print as a request for meeting. 8. The Head of Department then arranges the meeting within ten working days of receiving the request. 9. He shall also then obtain a copy of the written report of the initial meeting or hearing with line manager and if any relevant papers or documentary proofs from the line manager. 10. One of the Human Resources department members should be present at the meeting with Head of Department to keep a written record of the hearing. 11. Even, while meeting the Head of the Department, another member of the staff as a witness (if needs) may accompany the aggrieved staff on his hearing with Department Head. 12. After the hearing, the Head of Department shall: write to the member of staff to record the outcome of the hearing; copy the letter to the line manager, Head of Human Resources and to the Vice Chancellor; Please Note: In the case of a grievance against the Head of Department the hearing shall be with a Pro Vice Chancellor. STAGE 4 APPEAL TO THE VICE CHANCELLOR 13. If the aggrieved staff wishes to raise the grievance against the decision of the Head of Department she or he may appeal to the Vice Chancellor. But, the appeal should be made within five working days of receiving the letter from the Head of Department. 14. A full written statement of the grievance should be submit to the Vice chancellor; which shall be: a comprehensive background and the facts of the grievance and the issue raised and should attach the relevant supporting documents and in case of the member of the staff witnessed, his or her statement and complete detail. 15. The Vice Chancellor then will copy the written statement and any supporting documents and send it to the member of staff against whom the grievance has been raised. 16. The member of staff will be given ten working days within which to submit written answer or justification against the issue rose, which will then be submitted to the aggrieved member of staff. 17. If the justification is not satisfactory enough or the aggrieved staff does not agree with then a meeting is held with ten days with Vice chancellor holds a hearing with both the member of staff, aggrieved and the one against whom the grievance is made. 18. The Vice Chancellor may delegate this stage of the procedure to the appropriate Pro Vice Chancellor. The conduct of the hearing shall be: Both the aggrieved member of staff and the member of staff against whom the grievance is made. if any facts are in dispute, either or both parties may nominate witnesses and they can accompany them in the hearing but they should be the member of the staff only. 19. The decision of the Vice Chancellor will be the final say in the case and will be notified to the member of staff within five working days of the hearing. Please note: If the grievance is against the Vice Chancellor personally the aggrieved member of staff may submit a written statement of grievance to the Chairman of the Board of Governors through the Secretary to the Board. The Chairman if decides after examining the statement can carry out investigation and if not then declines the request. CONCLUSION RBS follows these 4 stages as their grievance procedure and throughout all the stages, the people in authority i.e. Line Managers, Head of Department, HR, Vice Chancellor, Pro Vice Chancellor and Chairman of the Board tries their level best at their stages to resolve the grievance raised by the aggrieved staff. Reference http://www.worthingtonslaw.co.uk/downloads/EmployeeDismissal.pdf Marson: Business Law http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199544455/resources/updates/statutory_dismissal.pdf

Free Essays - Animal Farm :: Animal Farm

George Orwell's Animal Farm is a political satire of a totalitarian society ruled by a mighty dictatorship, in all probability an allegory for the events surrounding the Russian Revolution of 1917. The animals of "Manor Farm" overthrow their human master after a long history of mistreatment. Led by the pigs, the farm animals continue to do their work, only with more pride, knowing that they are working for themselves, as opposed to working for humans. Little by little, the pigs become dominant, gaining more power and advantage over the other animals, so much so that they become as corrupt and power-hungry as their predecessors, the humans. The theme in Animal Farm maintains that in every society there are leaders who, if given the opportunity, will likely abuse their power. The book begins in the barnyard of Mr. Jones' "Manor Farm". The animals congregate at a meeting led by the prize white boar, Major. Major points out to the assembled animals that no animal in England is free. He further explains that the products of their labor is stolen by man, who alone benefits. Man, in turn, gives back to the animals the bare minimum which will keep them from starvation while he profits from the rest. The old boar tells them that the source of all their problems is man, and that they must remove man from their midst to abolish tyranny and hunger. Days later Major dies, but the hope and pride which he gave the other animals does not die. Under the leadership of the pigs, the most intelligent of the animals, they rebel against their human master managing to overthrow him. After the rebellion, under the direction of Napoleon, the most outspoken pig, and Snowball, the most eloquent pig, the animals continue to work the farm successfully. As with all societies, the animals have laws which must be obeyed. Their laws stated that animals shall never become like humans; cruel and manipulative. They shall not wear clothing nor sleep in beds. Most importantly, they are to respect one another's equality and killing another animal is strictly forbidden. Meanwhile, the pigs as leaders are taking bigger food rations for themselves justifying their behavior as something necessary for the "brains" of their animal society. At this point we begin to suspect that the pigs will abuse their positions and power in this animal society. Mr. Jones tries to reclaim his power but the animals prevent him from doing so in what they call "The Battle of the Cowshed". After the battle, Napoleon drives Snowball off the farm telling everyone that Snowball was on Mr.